Biomedical Science and Research Journals | Antibiotic with Essential Metals Complexation and Interaction, An in Vitro Study by Spectrophotometric Method

 

Antibiotic with Essential Metals Complexation and Interaction, An in Vitro Study by Spectrophotometric Method

Abstract

The present research work describes of interaction and complexation studies of Amoxicillin with essential metal & antacid and also investigation of antimicrobial activity of Amoxicillin. Amoxicillin included the third generation drug of penicillin. In vitro analysis, Amoxicillin must be interacted with metal like Mg2+ and Mn2+. At pH 7.4, this study was performed in different ratios of Amoxicillin with metal and antacid both at room temperature 250 0C. by this study, it is investigated that drug Amoxicillin is complexed with metal as well as antacid which is confirmed by job’s plot. This experiment was carried out by using ultra violet spectrophotometer. The microbial sensitivity test is important to know whether there is any change in the effectivity of Amoxicillin after the interaction with metals. There was a remarkable change in the effectivity of Amoxicillin and its complexes. This research work confirms that there was interaction between Amoxicillin with Metals like Mg2+ and Mn2+ which was confirmed by Job’s plot method by spectrophotometric assay.

Keywords: Amoxicillin; Complexation; Interaction; Job’s plot

Introduction

A drug interaction is said to occur when the effects of one drug are changed by the presence of another drug, herbal medicine, food, drink or by some environmental chemical agent. These unwanted and unsought-for interactions are adverse and undesirable but there are other interactions that can be beneficial and valuable, such as the deliberate co-prescription of antihypertensive drugs and diuretics in order to achieve antihypertensive effects possibly not obtainable with either drug alone. The mechanisms of both types of interaction, whether adverse or beneficial, are often very similar [1]. There are different types of drug interactions: Drug-drug interact ions, Drug-herbal interact ions, Food-drug interact ions etc [2]. Drug interactions are complex and chiefly unpredictable. A known interaction may not occur in every individual. This can be explained because there are several factors that effects the likelihood that a known interaction will occur [3]. Zinc is an important co-factor for several enzymatic reactions in the human body, vitamin B12 has cobalt atom and its core, and hemoglobin contains iron. Like Cu, Mn, Se, Cr, Mo are all trace elements, which are important in the human diet. Another subset of metals include those used in thera peutically in medicine, Al, bi, Au, Ga, Li and Ag are all part of medical armamentarium [4].

Humans need a certain amount of certain metals to function normally. Most metals are used as cofactors or prosthetics in enzymes, catalyzing specific reactions and serving essential roles. Anemia symptoms are caused by lack of a certain essential metal. Anemia can be associated with malnourishment or faulty metabolic processes, usually caused by a genetic defect [5]. The metal complexes can be utilized for the transport of selected organic chemotherapeutic drugs to target organs, or for the de-corporation of those toxic organic compounds which are able, before or after metabolic activation of reacting with metals or 1:1 complex [6]. It is emphasized that degree to which metal ions interact in vivo should employ the conditional constants which take into account competition from other ions specially Ca2+, H+ and OH- [7]. The genotoxic consequences of the virus chemical factors involved in chelation, along with examples; kinetics, stabilization or oxidation state, lipophilicity, the mixed ligand formation, are discussed [8]. Amoxicillin is a semi-synthetic, moderate spectrum of penicillin group of antibiotics. Amoxicillin is an antibiotic that is used for the treatment of a variety of bacterial infections, skin and urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and strep throat. It binds to one of the penicillin binding proteins which inhibits the final transpeptidation step of the peptidoglycan synthesis in the bacterial cell wall, thus inhibiting biosynthesis and arresting cell wall assembly resulting in bacterial cell death [9]. Amoxicillin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is commonly used to treat bacterial infections of the ear, urinary tract, and upper respiratory tract [10].

Materials and Methods

In this study, all the chemical substances, reagents used here were pure and were kept under sorted under suitable conditions [11].

Preparation of stock solution [12]

In this study, 250 ml of 1×10ˉ² stock solution of Amoxicillin was measured by 0.16902 gm of Amoxicillin in 250ml of demineralized water in a 250 ml volumetric flask. This solution was further diluted to expected concentration by using buffer solution.

Preparation of metal solution [12]

In this study, 0.1M metal solution, Magnesium sulphate hepata hydrate, MgSO4.7H2O (0.24648gm) was measured perfectly as well as the last solutions were 0.01 M concentration.

Preparation of buffer solution [12]

In this study, for the preparation of buffer solution, firstly 8.06 gm of Na2HPO4 was mixed in demineralized water with 1.05 gm of NaH2PO4 and then pH 7.4 was confirmed.

Preparation of standard curve of Amoxicillin [13]

In this study, Amoxicillin stock solution at pH 7.4 and concentration 1×10^-5 M was mixed in different concentrations like: 9×10^-5M, 8×10^-5 M, 7 ×10^-5M, 6×10^-5 M, 5×10^-5M, 4×10^-5M, 3×10^-5M, 2×10^-5M, 1×10^-5M. The absorbance volume of the solutions was determined at 256 nm by UV spectrometer.

All the equipment and instruments used throughout the study are given in the following table along with their source. From the above Table we can observe that the absorbance of amoxicillin increases with increasing concentration according to Beer Lambert’s law. From the above Table we can observe that the absorbance of amoxicillin varies at different wavelength (Table 1-Table 4).

Results and Discussion

From the above Table we can observe that the absorbance of amoxicillin is different when it interacts with MgS0₄.7H₂O. From the above Table we can observe that the absorbance of amoxicillin is different when it interacts with MnSO₄.H₂O. This table shows that absorbance of amoxicillin is quite different from absorbance of amoxicillin and metal complexes (Table 5). The intensity of the peak of amoxicillin changes remarkably i.e. absorption character istics are altered due to interaction, but the position of the compound does not shift. Interaction between drug and metal may lead to form complexes which have different light absorption capacity and spectrum pattern is altered.

Table 5: Spectral analysis of amoxicillin with MgSO4.7H2O.

Effect of metals on Amoxicillin by Job’s method of continuous variation

The molar ratios of the complexes of amoxicillin with metal salts were estimated by job’s method of continuous variation. The observed absorbance values were measured in pH 7.4 at various concentration (1×10^-⁵ to 9 × 10^-⁵M) of amoxicillin and metal salts at 2310 nm. The Job’s plots at pH 7.4 were obtained by plotting absorbance difference against the mole fraction of the drug (amoxicillin) which are presented in the following table. From the above table we can observe that amoxicillin forms strong 1:1 complex with magnesium Sulfate hepta hydrate which is indicated as ‘^’ shaped curve. From the above table we can observe that amoxicillin forms strong 1:1 complex with manganese Sulfate mono hydrate which is indicated as ‘^’ shaped curve (Table 6).

Combined absorbance of drug with different metal

The above table shows that the absorbance of amoxicillin differs from the absorbance of amoxicillin + MgSO₄.7H₂O and amoxicillin + MnSO₄.H₂O due to interaction and complexation with antibiotic and metals Table 7-Table 9).

Conclusion

In the present work, the interaction of an important antimicrobial drug, amoxicillin + MgSO₄.7H₂O and amoxicillin + MnSO₄. H₂O at 7.4 by a variety of physical method like inspection of spectral behavior, Job’s method of continuous variation. From spectral study, it has been seen that Amoxicillin gives a sharp peak at 256 nm. When MgSO₄.7H₂O and MnSO₄.H₂O salt mixed with Amoxicillin at 1:1 ratio, the intensity of the peak changes remarkably specifically absorbance decreases. That’s why absorption characteristics are altered due to interaction but the position of the compound does not shift. The Job’s plot has given the molar ratio of complexes of amoxicillin + MgSO₄.7H₂O and amoxicillin + MnSO₄.H₂O. At pH 7.4 Amoxicillin forms strong 1:1 complexes with metals MgSO₄.7H₂O and MnSO₄.H₂O indicated as ‘^’ shaped curves. These curves may indicate strong kinetics of complexation between amoxicillin with MgSO₄.7H₂O and amoxicillin with MnSO₄.H₂O. When drug individually act with metals MgSO₄.7H₂O and MnSO₄.H₂O curve of their absorbance are verify. By this research work, it helps in the study of selection the best dosage form for better treatment. And definitely very important in adjusting the effective dose and dose ranges.

 

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